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Very High Surface Capacity with Si Negative Electrodes Embedded in Copper Foam as 3D Current Collector
The point is that the cycle life of Si-based electrodes dramatically decreases as the active mass loading increases, e.g. 1000 cycles at 0.5 mg per cm² vs. 50 cycles at 4 mg per cm² (Figure 1). We demonstrated that using copper foam instead of copper foil as current collector shows a great advantage in the cycle life and power performance. More than 400 cycles at an impressive Si loading of 10 mg cm-² could be reached, i.e. with a surface capacity of 10 mAh cm-2 [3]. The thinness of the composite coating on the foam walls favors a better preservation of the electronic wiring upon cycling and fast lithium ion diffusion. A higher coulombic efficiency in half cells with lithium metal as the counter electrode is achieved by using carbon nanofibers (CNF) rather than carbon black (CB). The possibility to reach in practice higher surface could allow a significant increase of both the volumetric and gravimetric energy densities by 23% and 19%, respectively, for the Cu foam-Silicon//LiFePO4 stack compared to the Graphite/LiFePO4 stack of traditional design.
Acknowledgements
Financial funding from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) of France (BASILIC project) and the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada is acknowledged. The authors thank D. Pilon (Metafoam Inc.) for supplying the Cu foams.
References
[1] L. Hu, F. La Mantia, H. Wu, X. Xie, J. McDonough, M. Pasta, Y. Cui, Adv. Energy Mater., 1, 1012 (2011).
[2] I. Kovalenko, B. Zdyrko, A. Magasinski, B. Hertzberg, Z. Milicev, R. Burtovyy, I. Luzinov and G. Yushin, Science, 334, 75 (2011).
[3] D. Mazouzi, , D. Reyter, M. Gauthier, P. Moreau, D. Guyomard, L. Roué, B. Lestriez, Adv. Energy Mater., DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201301718.
Figure 1. (a) Surface SEM images of a Cu foam filled with 5 mg of Si/CNF/CMC/Buffer composite electrode (4.6 mg Si per cm2). (b) Cycle life as a function of the active mass loading for Foil-Si/CB/CMC/Buffer and Foam-Si/CNF/CMC/Buffer electrodes (Si//Li half-cell with LP30+2%VC+10%FEC, capacity limitation of 1200mAh per g of Si).