The unique optical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) confer ideal sensing properties for biological applications. SWCNT near-infrared photoluminescence exhibits photostability, penetration through biological media, and environmental sensitivity. Nanotube emission can undergo modulation of the optical bandgap, causing a shift in emission wavelength. These characteristics allow for consistent rapid and long-term analyte detection and quantification in complex ex vivo and in vivo environments. We have employed these unique properties to develop biomarker-specific SWCNT-based sensors for translational biomedical applications.