Biofuel cell (BFC) that has attracted considerable attentions recently is a green energy generator that can generate electricity directly from the oxidation of biological organic matter. Glucose biofuel cells (GBFCs) that uses glucose as fuel has emerging need due to the rapid growth of wearable or implantable medical devices. In general, enzyme based GBFCs that use enzymes as the catalyst are still the mainstream of current development due to the excellent selectivity and reaction rate of specific enzymes. However, the enzyme based GBFCs suffer from the disadvantages of prone to poisoning, limited enzyme stability and cumbersome enzyme immobilization procedures. Therefore, non-enzymatic technologies that use nanostructures of noble metals such platinum, gold, and silver as the catalyst has become a new development trend.

In this study, a high-power non-enzymatic glucose biofuel cells based on a nano/micro hybrid-structured gold anode is proposed. In this novel electrode, a uniformly distributed micro hemisphere array of polycarbonate was fabricated by hot embossing. Then a self-assembled monolayer of gold nanoparticle was formed on the micro hemisphere array as the anode. The cathode was composed of a graphene film coated glassy carbon electrode. The anode and cathode are separated by a proton exchange membrane (nafion) to complete the battery assembly. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed non-enzymatic GBFC has a high power density of 9.459 mWcm^-2, a high current density of 8 mAcm^-2, and an open circuit voltage (V_oc) of 0.7128 V at room temperature. In addition, the proposed GBFC can be easily produced on a large scale, the cost of fabrication is low, repeatability is high, and is easy to preserve on a long-term basis. Therefore, it is highly feasible to be commercialized and used in practical applications.