Lead (Pb) and its compounds is an abundant material that has significant implementation as electrodes for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which is a key rechargeable battery technology for several applications. However, prior works which utilized Pb-based anodes for LIBs suffer from poor cycle life due to large volume expansion during cycling, which causes electrode cracking and degradation. In this work, lead oxide (PbO)-based carbon nanofiber (CNF) electrodes were prepared via an electrospinning method modified to a dual extrusion process and achieved improved performance for LIBs. We report the first demonstration of PbO anchored to CNF as an anode for LIBs. Integrating PbO with CNF accommodates the volume expansion, mitigating stress-induced degradation of the electrode and permitting long cycle life. The high surface-to-volume ratio from the CNF structure increases contact between the electrolyte and electrode to improve the power performance. We study the mechanism which allows PbO to be indirectly anchored with CNF to yield significant enhancement to the capacity, cyclability and rate performance of lithium-ion batteries.