Current research focusses on optimisation of the LSCTA- ‘backbone’, to improve current distribution through the anode, and development of impregnated catalyst systems that provide enhanced durability and tolerance to natural gas feeds containing sulphur. Thick-film ceramic processing techniques, such as ink formulation, screen printing and control of sintering protocol, have been used as the primary method in controlling the anode microstructure. Rheological analysis of a variety of LSCTA- inks showed that a formulation with 75 wt. % solids loading possessed ideal (pseudoplastic) properties for screen printing. Extensive investigation of screen printing parameters and screen mesh counts, as well as sintering temperatures and dwell times, allowed determination of the optimal conditions required to produce a LSCTA- anode ‘backbone’ microstructure with an advantageous combination of porosity and grain connectivity. Screen printing of the 75 wt. % solids loading ink with a 230 mesh count (per inch) screen and sintering at 1350 °C for 2 hours facilitated production of the required anode microstructure, ensuring sufficient lateral electronic conductivity through the anode to prevent generation of localised temperature ‘hotspots’. Four-point DC conductivity analysis of several LSCTA- ‘backbone’ microstructures showed that ‘effective’ conductivities of up to 21 S cm-1 could be achieved (in 5% H2/Ar), with the highest values pertaining to the most advantageous microstructure. Electrolyte-supported fuel cells employing this ‘backbone’ microstructure, impregnated with 12-16 wt. % (of the ‘backbone’) of CGO and 2-5 wt. % of either Ni, Ru, Rh, Pt or Pd, showed very promising performances during short-term electrochemical testing in humidified hydrogen. Fuel cells with anodes containing Rh/CGO and Pd/CGO catalyst systems were particularly promising, achieving Area Specific Resistances (ASR) of 0.41 Ω cm2 and 0.39 Ω cm2 (figure 1), respectively.
References
1. Sun, C. & Stimming, U. Recent anode advances in solid oxide fuel cells. J. Power Sources 171, 247–260 (2007).
2. Verbraeken, M. C. et al. Short stack and full system test using a ceramic A-site deficient strontium titanate anode, Fuel Cells, 15, 5, 682 – 688 (2015).