We will need recycling facilities to handle the avalanche of batteries reaching their end-of-life, estimated to be over 20,000 metric tons from electric vehicles alone in the U.S. by 2025. Even if the batteries do find a second use (which is in question), they will eventually be unsuitable for further use and require some sort of environmentally acceptable and economically viable end-of-life handling. Disposal is not a suitable option; the batteries will need to be recycled to deliver better environmental and economic benefits. This presentation will examine barriers to recycling, compare available processes, and suggest ways to optimize the battery life-cycle.