In order to gain a mechanistic understanding of the M(OH)₂ pCAM particle formation, ten distinctive Ni_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1(OH)₂ particle lots were prepared by the coprecipitation method in a stirred tank reactor. The precipitation pH-value was systematically varied between pH = 8.6‑12.7, while all other process parameters were kept constant. The S‑content of the resulting pCAM powders, representing the residual sulfate (SO₄^2-) content, was investigated by S‑combustion and is depicted as a function of precipitation pH-value in Figure 1a. In the pH-value range between 8.57 and 10.27 (red), a slight increase in residual SO₄^2- from 10.29 mol% to 12.60 mol% is observed until it decreases again to 11.10 mol%. Between pH = 10.27 and pH = 10.74, a sharp transition takes place and residual SO₄^2- is reduced by a factor of 4 from 11.10 mol% to 2.60 mol%, which even decreases further with increasing pH-value, namely from 2.60 mol% at pH = 10.74 to 0.35 mol% at pH = 12.69 (green). Interestingly, the turning point in S-content between pH = 10.27 and pH = 10.74 (dashed blue line in Figure 1a) coincides with the point-of-zero-charge (pzc) of Ni(OH)₂, which is reported to be at pH = 10.50-10.60.⁵ This result is rationalized by a pH-dependent SO₄^2- adsorption equilibrium that is governing the SO₄^2- uptake during the precipitation reaction, as depicted schematically in Figure 1b. For a precipitation below the pzc, positive charged surface hydroxyl-groups of Ni_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1(OH)₂ attract SO₄^2-, resulting in high SO₄^2- uptake during M(OH)₂ formation and vice versa.

In light of these results, it is further demonstrated by x-ray diffraction analysis that SO₄^2- adsorption not only governs the crystallinity of the Ni_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1(OH)₂ material, but also suppresses the vertical crystal growth in the 001-direction during particle formation. This in turn seems to affect the vertical primary particle size as well as the secondary particle porosity, both observable by SEM imaging. The morphological trend is quantitatively verified by extracting the primary particle size distribution from SEM images and by measurements of the secondary particle porosity via nitrogen physisorption. As proof-of-concept for the proposed adsorption mechanism, precipitation reactions at pH = 12.0 with different metal feed sources (MX_(aq.), with X = SO₄^2-, (NO₃^-)₂, (CH₃COO^-)₂) were conducted. The resulting clearly distinct physical properties of the Ni_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1(OH)₂ particles obtained from the different anion systems with different anion adsorption affinities can be well understood based on the Fajans-Paneth-Hahn law for crystallization.⁶ Finally, desorption experiments indicate options to reduce the residual SO₄^2- amount after the Ni_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1(OH)₂ particle formation has been completed.

Based on the results of this study, guidelines for pCAM design are formulated and discussed with respect to composition and subsequent manufacturing steps in industrial CAM production.

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