Effect of Tetrahedral Site Doping of Ni-Containing ‘Layered’ Transition Metal Oxide on the High Voltage Structural and Electrochemical Stability As Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries

Wednesday, 12 October 2022: 14:40
Galleria 1 (The Hilton Atlanta)
A. Sharma, A. Rajkamal, S. Kobi, B. S. Kumar, A. K. Paidi, A. Chatterjee, and A. Mukhopadhyay (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India)
The development and understanding of transition metal (TM) based oxides for applications in electrochemical energy storage, viz., essentially for the next generation alkali metal-ion battery systems, has incentivized the research on materials development. Less Co-containing or Co-free, Ni-containing ‘cation ordered’/layered Li-TM-oxides, as a cathode material for Li-ion batteries, suffer from structural instability due to ‘TM-migration’ from the TM-layer to the Li-layer upon Li-removal (i.e., "cation disordering"), especially at deep states of delithiation at the high cell voltages (typically beyond ~4.2 V vs. Li/Li+). Such structural instability causes mechanical instability, significant impedance build-up and fade in Li-storage capacity; thus, limiting the cell voltages to ≤ 4.2 V for stable operation. The deleterious ‘TM(Ni)-migration’ pathway involves the vacant tetrahedral site (t-site) of the Li-layer as the intermediate crystallographic site. Therefore, we explored here the possibility of suppressing the ‘Ni-migration’ by ‘blocking’ the t-site with a cationic dopant that is stable at that location; viz., possibly a d10/d0 TM-ion. In this regard, our simulations based on density functional theory revealed that the concerned t-site is an energetically favoured and stable site for d10 Zn2+. The same was supported by a detailed analysis of the crystallographic data (including bond valence sum) obtained with the as-prepared Zn-doped Li-NMC, with Zn-ions substituting for Li-ions (i.e., Li0.9Zn0.05Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 composition). The simulations also predicted that, as hypothesized, Zn-doping is likely to prevent ‘Ni-migration’ upon Li-removal. In agreement with the above, upon being subjected to long-term galvanostatic cycling using a high upper cut-off voltage of 4.7 (vs. Li/Li+), the Zn-doped Li-NMC exhibited significantly improved cyclic stability, near-complete suppression of ‘cation mixing, and negligible build-up of impedance (as well as potential hysteresis), as compared to the un-doped counterpart. From a broader perspective, such subtle tuning of the composition-structure can potentially be extended to other TM-oxide-based materials, including the very high Ni-containing Li-TM-oxide cathodes; rendering them structurally stable at very high cell voltages and, thus, leading to the successful development of high capacity and high voltage cathodes, possessing good long-term cyclic stability, for the next-generation Li-ion batteries.