An original multichannel Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) system operating at high bias current and suitable for kW-class Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries (VRFBs) is presented. Power and signal connections, whose stray parameters affected measurements, required a careful optimization and calibration in the implementation of the measurement chain. In any cases, electromagnetic interferences set an upper limit to the applied stimulus frequency that limited the set of measurement data at each bias point. The work provides early results obtained with this EIS system, which were used to identify an equivalent circuit of the whole stack in which each cell is represented with a dynamic Thévenin equivalent, i.e. the series of a voltage source, a variable resistor and a variable RC loop. The dependence of the equivalent parameters on the operating conditions has been experimentally analyzed, confirming that only the RC-loop resistance is strongly affected by mass transport. In addition, more complex equivalent circuits have been proposed, i.e. a Randles cell modified with CPE, a Randles cell modified with CPE and Warburg element and a two-loop model of ZARC elements. The inclusion of the constant phase element constitutes a substantial improvement in the fit, Fig. 1. Conversely, the addition of the Warburg element, which aims to model the mass transfer in the electrochemical process, does not produce significant effects for the frequencies at which we have experimental data. To our knowledge, this is the first dynamic equivalent circuit of a whole stack that has been validated against EIS measurements taken on a real industrial-scale VRFB. Building on the measurement methodology here presented, advanced online state of health of industrial flow batteries can be developed and implemented.
References
[1] Trovò A, Zamboni W, Guarnieri M. “Multichannel Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and equivalent circuit synthesis of a large-scale vanadium redox flow battery.” J Power Sources (2021) 493: 229703.
[2] Trovò A, Di Noto V, Epoupa M. J, Gamabaro C, Guarnieri M. “Fast Response of kW-Class Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries," in IEEE Trans Sustain Energy (2021), vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 2413-2422
[3] Sanchez-Diez E, Ventosa E, Guarnieri M, Trovò A, Flox C, Marcilla R, Soavi F, Mazur P, Aranzabe E, Ferreta R. “Redox flow batteries: status and perspective towards sustainable stationary energy storage.” J Power Sources (2021), 481: 228804.
[4] Guarnieri M, Trovò A, Picano F. “Enhancing the efficiency of kW-class vanadium redox flow batteries by flow factor modulation: An experimental method”, Appl Energy (2020), 262: 114532.
[5] Trovò A, Guarnieri M. “Standby thermal management system for a kW-class vanadium redox flow battery”. Energ Conv Manag (2021), 226: 113510.
