Acetaminophen also known as Paracetamol (APAP) is an antipyretic and analgesic drug, used mainly for the treatment of fever and headache [1]. Prolonged use or accumulation of this drug results in liver problems where it generates hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity [2]. furthermore, the APAP is considered a potential water pollutant where the most-reported route of contamination is via unchanged excretion in urine and feces. In the actuality many new materials have been used to determination interes species implementing electrochemistry using variety of new nanomaterials, these materials show great sensibility when were implemented to modificated a electrodes [3]. The mixed metal oxides like M-type hexagonal ferrites are used in diferentes sensors on account of the magnetics propietis [4].

The oxides used in this study were synthesized through the methodology the citric combustion sol-gel route [5]. The synthesized ferrites were characterized by techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction (DRX), Spectroscopic RAMAN, IR and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis (FESEM).

In this investigation, the electrochemical study was carried out for the quantification of APAP using the techniques of cyclic voltammetry and pulse voltammetry, whit a system of three electrodes: Ag/ AgCl electrode (reference electrode), Pt wire (counter electrode) and glass carbon electrode (GCE) modified with nanoparticles of ferrites BaCo_0.5Fe₂O₄ y Ba_0.5Cu_0.5Fe₂O₄ (working electrode). In an electrochemical cell using 5 mL phosphate-buffered saline 0.1 M, pH = 2.50 as electrolytic measures. In addition to tests with commercial drugs that contain APAP and a real sample of urine [6].

In the electrodes modified with nanoparticles of ferrites, it showed higher current responses for the electrochemical oxidation of APAP than the bare electrode. This can be attributed to the presence of barium ferrites oxides modified with copper and cobalt. The best electroactivity was presented when the electrode modified with barium ferrites substituted with cobalt was used, obtaining a detection limit of 0.255 µM ± 0.005 µM, for barium ferrites substituted with copper and the bare electrode was obtained 0.577 µM ± 0.007 µM and 0.577 µM ± 0.007 µM, respectively. The urine sample was analyzed by the same method, obtaining minimum recovery percentages of 96.6% and 93.9 for the modified electrode with barium ferrites substituted with Cobalt and Copper, respectively.

References

[1] Andawiyah, R.; Mulyasuryani, A.; Sulistyarti, H. Voltammetric Determination of Paracetamol using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)-Fe₃O₄ Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020, 833, 012059.

[2] Bao Y, Wang P, Shao X, Zhu J, Xiao J, Shi J, Zhang L, Zhu HJ, Ma X, Manautou JE, Zhong XB. Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury Alters Expression and Activities of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in an Age-Dependent Manner in Mouse Liver. Drug Metab Dispos. 2020. 48. 326-336.

[3] Gutes, A.; Calvo, D.; Cespedes, F.; del Valle, M. Automatic sequential injection analysis electronic tongue with integrated reference electrode for the determination of ascorbic acid, uric acid and paracetamol. Microchim. Acta 2007, 157, 1–6.

[4] Song, F.; Shen, X.; Xiang, J.; Zhu, Y. Characterization and magnetic properties of Ba_xSr₁ − _xFe₁₂O₁₉ (x = 0 − 1)ferrite hollow fibers via gel-precursor transformation process. J. Alloy. Compd. 2010, 507, 297–301.

[5] Sandra F Basante-Delgado, Dalliver González-Vidal, Jimmy A Morales-Morales, William A Aperador-Chaparro, Jairo A Gómez-Cuaspud. A preliminary study of oxides of Fe doped with Ba, Co, Cu and synthetized by the citrate sol–gel combustion route. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2020.1541 012013

[6] Granja-Banguera C.P, Silgado-Cortázar D.G, Morales-Morales J.A. Transition Metal Substituted Barium Hexaferrite-Modified Electrode: Application as Electrochemical Sensor of Acetaminophen. Molecules. 2022 27(5). 1550.