Lithium-ion batteries are nowadays the most popular energy storage technology. A raising number of research investigates the development of modern batteries, while the market of secondary lithium batteries is still growing. This creates problems with disposal of expired batteries, as many electrolyte components comprise fluorine. Unfortunately, global lithium resources are not sufficient to fulfill these demands. Therefore, studies on batteries which are alternative to lithium-based energy sources are conducted intensively. A natural candidate to replace lithium is sodium.

Most of lithium-ion batteries research focuses on development of electrode materials. However, apart from electrodes, a key component of Li-ion batteries is electrolyte. Electrolyte limits critical battery properties, such as safety, thermal stability, battery lifetime and internal resistance of a cell. Conventional electrolytes consist of lithium salt, solvent (or solvents mixture) and additives. Since both solvents and additives are well developed and not problematic, in this work we have focused on lithium salts.

Among all lithium salts that can be used in large scale manufacturing, LiPF₆ is used almost exclusively. Even considering all its advantages, LiPF₆has numerous drawbacks, too. These include low thermal stability, moisture sensitivity and toxic and corrosive products evolution upon decomposition [1]. In the recent years many studies on new lithium salts have been published, however none of them has been introduced widely to the market so far [2]. Therefore, there is a substantial need for new ideas in this field.

Our approach was to design new anions for lithium and sodium salts tailored particularly for Li-ion and Na-ion battery electrolytes. The concepts that we have chosen were aromatic anions and anions based on aliphatic chain with conjugated double bonds, that allows π-electrons as well as negative charge delocalization. Application of this ideas should lead to a highly stable and weakly-coordinating anion.

As a result we have synthesized novel lithium and sodium salts. Salts show excellent thermal stability as proven with means of TGA and DSC. Electrochemical stability tests have shown up to 5 V window width. Conductivity of the electrolytes containing those new salts have been examined in propylene carbonate, typical battery mixtures and polymer matrix. Outstanding conductivity values has been reached – up to 10 mS cm^-1 for liquid and over 1 mS cm^-1for solid polymer electrolytes have been observed at the room temperature. Finally, to evaluate compatibility with electrode materials, cycling experiments have been performed both with commercial and custom made electrodes.

In conclusion, we have synthesized and thoroughly tested a few lithium and sodium salts for applications in non-aqueous electrolytes for modern batteries. Obtained results exhibited clearly that presented salts would be successfully applied in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries improving their performance, safety and environmental friendliness.

References:

[1]

T. Kawamura, S. Okada, J. Yamaki, J. Power Sources 156 (2006) 547

C.L. Campion, W. Li, B.L. Lucht, J. Electrochem. Soc. 152 (2005) A2327

[2]

M. Schmidt, U. Heider, A. Kuehner, R. Oesten, M. Jungnitz, N. Ignat’ev, P. Sartori, J. Power Sources 97-98 (2001) 557

F. Alloin, J.-Y. Sanchez, M.B. Armand, Electrochim. Acta 37 (1992) 1729

M. Egashira, B. Scrosati, M. Armand, S. Béranger, C. Michot, Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 6 (2003) A71

L. Niedzicki, M. Kasprzyk, K. Kuziak, G.Z. Żukowska, M. Armand, M. Bukowska, M. Marcinek, P. Szczeciński, W.Wieczorek, J. Power Sources 192 (2009) 612

A.G. Bishop, D.R. MacFarlane, D. McNaughton, M. Forsyth, Solid State Ion. 85 (1996) 129

Acknowledgement:

 The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007- 2013) under grant agreement number 608502 (Sirbatt Project) and at very early stage 865368 (EuroLiion) Scientific work financed from sources for science for co-financed international project in 2013–2016 (Sirbatt) and initially 2011–2015 (EuroLiion). [Praca naukowa finansowana ze środków finansowych na naukę w latach 2013–2016 (Sirbatt) i 2011–2015 (EuroLion) przyznanych na realizację projektu międzynarodowego współfinansowanego.]