Recently, a reduced sodium titanate was reported as SIB anode. However, its low electrochemical stability, together with its cumbersome synthesis method and the lack of understanding of the mechanism of sodium ion intercalation, makes its use in a commercial SIB unlikely. Our density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the material is an insulator due to its large band gap. Therefore, a new, convenient synthesis method was developed, which results in a composite of reduced sodium titanate with conductive amorphous carbon (NTO/C). This composite material was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The formation mechanism was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The electrochemical characteristics were studied using galvanostatic cycling and the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). Operando XRD was used to investigate the mechanism of sodium insertion. The NTO/C, with an average operation voltage of ~0.9 V vs. Na/Na+, shows a high electrochemical stability (89% capacity retention after 250 cycles at 1C), and high capacity (135 mAh g-1 at 0.1C, 105 mAh g-1 at 1C and 61 mAh g-1 at 10C). Consequently, this NTO/C is currently the most energy dense material of all stable lithium-free SIB anode materials with an appropriate operation potential, even slightly surpassing O3-NaTiO23. As it also requires only abundant and inexpensive elements, we believe that NTO/C is an excellent material for commercial SIB anodes.
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