The development of new, renewable pathways to produce the same kinds of fuels and chemicals that are conventionally derived from fossil resources, namely H2 and C-based products, could play a major role in reaching sustainability goals for the globe. This talk will focus on renewable fuels by solar photoelectrochemistry, with an emphasis on the development of electrocatalysts for hydrogen production and their integration onto semiconductors for efficient, stable operation. In particular, attention will be placed on non-precious metal catalyst materials combined with a broad range of semiconductors, including silicon, chalcopyrites, and III-V materials. In all cases, the non-precious metal catalyst systems can impart significantly improved catalytic activity as well as long-term stability.