Catalyst development for hydrogen and oxygen evolution remain significant challenges for the broad commercialization of water electrolysis technologies. This talk will focus on several matters relevant to this technical area. First, a broad overview of electrocatalyst development for both reactions will be presented to establish the fundamental challenges and current opportunities in the field. Next, efforts will be described to obtain high efficiency solar-to-hydrogen (STH) production by coupling high-performance water electrolyzers based on precious metal catalysts with high efficiency photovoltaics (PVs). The remainder of the talk will center on electrocatalyst development for both H2 and O2 production, targeting catalyst with low or zero precious metal content, with investigations ranging from fundamental studies to application in electrolysis devices.