Conventionally, photocatalytic water splitting has been studied using suspension of particulate photocatalysts. However, this approach is not feasible in practice because it is challenging to design a cheap photocatalytic reactor that can maintain a large amount of water over a wide area. It is probably a more feasible to use photocatalysts processed into panels and construct modules similar to photovoltaic applications.4 This approach, fixing particulate photocatalysts onto substrate, is also expected to be advantageous over the conventional powder suspension approach in operation and maintenance, because power input to stir a large amount of photocatalyst suspension is unneeded and used photocatalysts can be readily replaced with fresh ones.
Recently, the authors’ group developed photocatalyst sheets based on particulate hydrogen evolution photocatalyst (HEP) and oxygen evolution photocatalyst (OEP) embedded into conductive layers by particle transfer for efficient and scalable water splitting (Figure).5–8 The STH of water splitting using photocatalyst sheets consisting of La- and Rh-codoped SrTiO3 (SrTiO3:La,Rh) as a HEP and BiVO4 as an OEP was 0.2%, superior to those for the corresponding powder suspension systems.6 The photocatalyst sheet maintained the high water splitting activity over a wide range of pH values and even in pure water. Moreover, the STH was improved to 1.1% through improvements in the preparation process of the photocatalyst sheet and the reaction conditions.7 The high activity of the photocatalyst sheet is due to the efficient electron transfer between HEP and OEP particles via the underlying conductive layer. In addition, evolution of hydrogen and oxygen in close proximity allows to prevent generation of pH gradient during the water splitting reaction.8 Therefore, the photocatalyst sheet is scalable directly without sacrificing the high activity. However, the absorption edge wavelengths of SrTiO3:La,Rh and BiVO4 are 540 nm at most. It is still important to develop photocatalysts with longer absorption edge wavelengths.
In this talk, recent progress and future challenges in photocatalytic water splitting and system development will be presented.
References
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Wang et al., Faraday Discuss., in press.