Chiral inorganic nanostructures discovered over the last two decades include individual nanoparticles (NPs), their assemblies in dispersions and surfaces, as well as 2D/3D lithographic patterns. For many of them exceptionally strong polarization rotation was observed. In this talk, I will address, the (1) origin of enhanced polarization rotation; (2) methods of enantioselective assembly of nanostructures; and (3) their fundamental relevance to life homochirality on Earth, Special effort will be placed on the translation of enhanced chiroptical properties of plasmonic and excitonic NPs to applications. It will be exemplified by the bioanalytical applications for detection of DNA oligomers using CD spectroscopy that enables 1-3 order of magnitude improvement of detection of protein, DNA oligomers, and small chiral molecules. Other technological applications in chiral catalysis and polarization-based optical devices. Should time permit, recent data on the preparation and properties of chiral graphene quantum dots and chiral ceramic nanoparticles relevant to the chiroplasmonc and chiroexcitonic technologies will be presented.