In these presentation, we will present the data and movies of several an operando techniques to study lithium ion and solid state batteries such in situ SEM, In situ TEM, in situ Raman spectroscopy , in situ X-ray diffraction and in situ UV visible. These studies help to understand several mechanism such volume expansion of anodes such lithium metal (20 %), Graphite (10 %), LTO (0 %) and another example the measurements of the thickness of anode, cathode and electrolyte during charge discharge. The mechanism of lithium dendrite was also study and details will be shown during this presentation.

Bleand Lithium/solid polymer electrolyte (SPE)/sulfur cells were studied in operando by two techniques: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-vis). During the operation of the cell, extensive polysulfide dissolution in the solid polymer electrolyte (cross-linked polyethylene oxide) leads to the formation of a catholyte.

A clear micrograph of the thick passivation layer on the sulfur-rich anode and the decreased SPE thickness by cycling confirmed the failure mechanism; the capacity decays by reducing the amount of active material, and by contributing to a charge inhibiting mechanism called polysulfide shuttle. The formation of elemental sulfur is clearly visible in real time during the charge process beyond 2.3 V. The non-destructive in operando UV-vis study also shows the presence of characteristic absorption peaks evolving with cycling, demonstrating the accumulation of various polysulfide species, and the predominant formation of S₄^2- and of S₆^2- during discharge and charge, respectively. This finding implies that the charge and discharge reactions are not completely reversible and proceed along different pathways.